Tuesday, October 3, 2023

অর্থনীতিতে স্থিতিস্থাপকতা কাকে বলে? চাহিদার দাম স্থিতিস্থাপকতার সূত্র কি 2024

 

 স্থিতিস্থাপকতা কি? 

স্থিতিস্থাপকতা: স্থিতিস্থাপকতা কি জানো তোমরা? অর্থনীতিতে স্থিতিস্থাপকতা হলো একটি পরিমাপ। কীসের পরিমাপ? এটি চাহিদা (Demand) অথবা যোগানের (Supply) প্রতিক্রিয়া (Reaction) পরিমাপ করে যখন চাহিদা অথবা যোগানের কোনো একটা নির্ধারকের পরিবর্তন হয়। এখন প্রশ্ন করতে পারো যে চাহিদা অথবা যোগানের নির্ধারক কোনগুলো? 

স্থিতিস্থাপকতার কি



আগে বলি নির্ধারক কী: ধরো তুমি মাসে এক হাজার টাকা ইনকাম করো। তুমি মাসে ৪ প্লেট ফুসকা খাও। তাহলে মাসে তোমার ফুসকার চাহিদা ৪ প্লেট রাইট? আচ্ছা এখন তোমার ইনকাম বেড়ে গিয়ে হলো পাঁচ হাজার টাকা। অবশ্যই এখন তুমি আরো বেশী করে ফুসকা খাবে মাসে তাই না? মাসে ধরো এখন ৭ প্লেট ফুসকা খাও। তোমার চাহিদা বেড়ে হলো ৭ প্লেট। এখানে তোমার চাহিদা বেড়ে গিয়েছে তোমার ইনকাম বাড়ার কারণে। এখানে ইনকাম চাহিদার একটি নির্ধারক (Determinant)। বুঝতে পেরেছো তো নির্ধারক কাকে বলে? 

চাহিদার নির্ধারক: 

১. ইনকাম: ইনকাম বাড়লে চাহিদা বাড়ে। ইনকাম কমলে চাহিদা কমে।
২. আবহাওয়া: গরমকালে আমাদের ঠান্ডা পানিয়ের অনেক চাহিদা থাকে কিন্তু শীতকালে সেই চাহিদা কমে যায়। 
বাকী উদাহরণগুলো বই থেকে পড়ে নিও তোমরা।

যোগানের নির্ধারক: 

১. প্রযুক্তিগত উন্নয়ন: প্রযুক্তির উন্নয়ন ঘটলে কোনো একটি কোম্পানী একই খরচে আগের চেয়ে বেশী উৎপাদন করে। ফলে যোগান বেড়ে যায়। 
২. সরবরাহকারীর (Supplier) পরিমাণ: সাপ্লায়ারের সংখ্যা বেড়ে গেলে যোগান বেড়ে যায়। সাপ্লায়ারের সংখ্যা কমে গেলে যোগান কমে যায়। 

আমরা সবাই জানি যে দাম কমলে চাহিদা বাড়ে আর দাম কমলে চাহিদা কমে। আবার দাম কমলে যোগান কমে দাম বাড়লে যোগান বাড়ে। আমরা থিউরি অনুযায়ী এইটুকু জানি। কিন্তু এই যে বাড়া বা কমা এইটা কতটুকু পরিমাণে কমে বা বাড়ে সেটা পরিমাপ করতেই আমরা স্থিতিস্থাপকতা পরিমাপ করি। 

দাম স্থিতিস্থাপকতা কাকে বলে?

দাম স্থিতিস্থাপকতার সূত্র কী


দাম স্থিতিস্থাপকতা: একটি পণ্যের দাম বাড়া বা কমার ফলে সেই পণ্যটির চাহিদা কতটুকু পরিমাণে বাড়ে বা কমে তার পরিমাপকে দাম স্থিতিস্থাপকতা বলে। আগের উদাহরণটাই ধরো। তুমি মাসে ৭ প্লেট ফুসকা খাও। ফুসকার দাম বেড়ে ৪০ টাকা থেকে বেড়ে হঠাৎ ৫০ টাকা হয়ে গেলো। তুমি এখন কী করবে? অবশ্যই আগের চেয়ে কম খাবে তাই না? হয়তো দেখা গেলো তুমি এখন ৭ প্লেটের যায়গায় ৩ প্লেট খাচ্ছো।  


পরিমাপ করার সূত্র: 

দাম স্থিতিস্থাপকতা = (চাহিদার পরিবর্তনের শতকরা হার) / (দামের পরিবর্তনের শতকরা হার)
শতকরা নির্ণয়ের পদ্ধতি নিশ্চয়ই জানা আছে তোমাদের। না জানলে গুগুল করে জেনে নাও। 
উদাহরণ: 
তুমি ফুসকার দাম বাড়ার ফলে মাসে ৭ প্লেট থেকে ৩ প্লেট খাচ্ছো। ফুসকার দাম বেড়ে হয়েছে ৪০ টাকা থেকে ৫০ টাকা।
চাহিদার পরিবর্তন = ৪ 
দামের পরিবর্তন = ১০ 
তাহলে চাহিদার শতকরা পরিবর্তন = ৪ / ১০০ = ০.০৪
দামের শতকরা পরির্তন = ১০ / ১০০ = ০.১ 
দাম স্থিতিস্থাপকতা = (চাহিদার পরিবর্তনের শতকরা হার) / (দামের পরিবর্তনের শতকরা হার) = ০.০৪ / ০.১ = ০.৪
আশা করি সবাই বুঝতে পেরেছো। এইভাবে বইয়ে অন্যান্য স্থিতিস্থাপকতাগুলোও আশা করি বুঝতে এবং ক্যালকুলেট করতে পারবে।
আরো বিশদভাবে ব্যাখ্যা চাইলে কমেন্টে জানাও। এছাড়াও অন্যান্য কোন কোন বিষয়ে আর্টিকেল চাও জানাও। 

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Tuesday, October 18, 2022

Paragraph: Global Warming

 Global Warming  

a)What is global warming? b)What are the causes of it? c)How it affects our environment? d)What are the effects on animal life? e)What should we do in this regard?

Global warming means increasing the temperature around the earth. Now it is considered to be one of the greatest  problems in the world. In recent years, we have found some alarming reports that provide evidence that the world temperature is increasing day by day. There are many reasons for this problem. Firstly, increasing carbon dioxide around the world is responsible. Secondly, deforestation is also responsible for that. Thirdly, the greenhouse effect causes global warming. There are many bad impacts of global warming. Global warming is the main reason for climate change. This could reduce mankind's ability to grow food, destroy wildlife and wilderness, raise sea levels and thereby flood coastal areas and farmlands. It may cause frequent natural calamities. As a result of the rise of the sea level, the southern part of Bangladesh may go underwater one day. Besides,wildfires are being generated because of increasing global warming.The destruction of forests is causing the extinction of various plants and animals. To stop global warming we should plant trees in large numbers and preserve the forests. Tree plantation can only prevent global warming.Global awareness on global warming needs to be increased.  Fossil fuel must be reduced.  That way we can get rid of global warming.

 

বৈশ্বিক উষ্ণতা

 কগ্লোবাল ওয়ার্মিং কী?  এর কারণগুলি কী কী?  এটি কীভাবে আমাদের পরিবেশকে প্রভাবিত করে?  প্রাণীজীবনে কী কী প্রভাব পড়ে?  এ ক্ষেত্রে আমাদের কী করা উচিত?

 বিশ্ব উষ্ণায়নের অর্থ পৃথিবীর চারপাশে তাপমাত্রা বৃদ্ধি করা।  এখন এটি বিশ্বের অন্যতম বড় সমস্যা হিসাবে বিবেচিত হয়।  সাম্প্রতিক বছরগুলিতেআমরা কিছু উদ্বেগজনক প্রতিবেদন পেয়েছি যা প্রমাণ দেয় যে বিশ্বের তাপমাত্রা দিন দিন বাড়ছে।  এই সমস্যার অনেক কারণ রয়েছে।  প্রথমতবিশ্বজুড়ে ক্রমবর্ধমান কার্বন ডাই অক্সাইড বৃদ্ধি এর প্রধান কার।  দ্বিতীয়তবনাঞ্চলও ধ্বংস করাও এর জন্য দায়ী।  তৃতীয়তগ্রিনহাউস প্রভাব বিশ্বব্যাপী উষ্ণায়নের কারণ হয়।  গ্লোবাল ওয়ার্মিংয়ের অনেক খারাপ প্রভাব রয়েছে।  জলবায়ু পরিবর্তনের মূল কারণ গ্লোবাল ওয়ার্মিং।  এটি মানব জাতির খাদ্য বৃদ্ধি কমিয়ে দিবে,বন্যজীবন এবং প্রান্তরকে ধ্বংস করেসমুদ্রের স্তর বৃদ্ধি করে এবং এর ফলে উপকূলীয় অঞ্চল এবং চাষের ভূমি বন্যার মানবজাতির ক্ষমতা হ্রাস করতে পারে।  এটি ঘন ঘন প্রাকৃতিক দুর্যোগের কারণ হতে পারে।  সমুদ্রপৃষ্ঠের উত্থানের ফলে বাংলাদেশের দক্ষিণাঞ্চল একদিন ডুবে যেতে পারে।পাশাপাশিবৈশ্বিক উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধির কারণে ভয়াবহ দাবানলের সৃষ্টি হচ্ছে।       বন ধ্বংস হওয়ায় বিভিন্ন গাছপালা ও প্রাণী বিলুপ্তির কারণ হচ্ছে।  গ্লোবাল ওয়ার্মিং বন্ধ করতে আমাদের প্রচুর পরিমাণে গাছ লাগানো এবং বন সংরক্ষণ করা উচিত।  বৃক্ষরোপণ কেবলমাত্র বৈশ্বিক উষ্ণায়ন রোধ করতে পারে global বিশ্ব উষ্ণায়নের বিষয়ে বৈশ্বিক সচেতনতা বাড়াতে হবে।  জীবাশ্ম জ্বালানী হ্রাস করতে হবে।  এইভাবে আমরা গ্লোবাল ওয়ার্মিং থেকে মুক্তি পেতে পারি।

 

Punctuation and capitalization all board Question with answer SSC

 SSC Punctuation and capitalization all board Question with answer 2020


1. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text.[Rajshahi Board-2020]

arent you going to have any said i no i never eat asparagus i know there are people who dont like them the fact is that you ruin your palate by all the meat you eat she said.

 

Answer: “Aren't you going to have any?” said I. “No, I never eat asparagus.” “I know there are people who don't like them. The fact is that you ruin your palate by all the meat you eat,” she said.

 

2. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text. [Sylhet Board-2020]

the teacher said to the girl do you think that honesty is the best policy yes sir i think so said the girl then learn to be honest from your childhood thank you sir said the girl may allah to bless you said the teacher

 

Answer: The teacher said to the girl, “Do you think that honesty is the best policy?" "Yes sir, think so," said the girl. "Then learn to be honest from your childhood." "Thank you sir," said the girl. "May Allah bless you," said the teacher.

 

3. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text. [Barishal Board-2020]

do not worry about a few mistakes said the teacher you can learn a lot through your mistakes do we learn from our mistakes asked the boy.

 

Answer: "Do not worry about a few mistakes," said the teacher, "you can learn a lot through your mistakes." "Do we learn from our mistakes?" asked the boy.

4. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text. [Chattogram Board-2020]

how is your father bilkis said mr rahman he is very well thank you bilkis replied i am glad to hear that he is in good health said mr rahman

 

Answer: "How is your father, Bilkis?" said Mr. Rahman. "He is very well. Thank you." Bilkis replied. "I am glad to hear that he is in good health," said Mr. Rahman.

 

5. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text. [Dinajpur Board-2020]

hello old lady what are you doing said the princess i am spinning a yarn around the spindle replied the old woman

 

Answer: "Hello, old lady, what are you doing?" said the Princess. "I am spinning a yarn around the spindle," replied the old woman.

 

6. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text. [Mymensingh Board-2020]

would you please tell me one reason of air pollution yes the smoke from our household activities vehicles factories etc is mainly causing air pollution

 

Answer: "Would you please tell me one reason of air pollution?" "Yes, the smoke from our household activities, vehicles, factories etc. is mainly causing air pollution.

 

SSC Punctuation and capitalization all board Question 2019

1. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text: [Dhaka Board-2019]

have you heard the name of alexander asked mr ahmed no sir razu replied how strange it is said he will you tell me about alexander please well he was the great king of macedonia

 

Answer:

"Have you heard the name of Alexander?" asked Mr. Ahmed.

"No sir." Razu replied.

"How strange it is!" said he.

"Will you tell me about Alexander, please?"

"Well, he was the great king of Macedonia."

 

2. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text: [Rajshahi Board-2019]

go to bed now mother said you can complete your assignment in the morning no mom ill finish it now

 

Answer: "Go to bed now," Mother said. "You can complete your assignment in the morning. "No, Mom! I'll finish it now."

 

3. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text: [Cumilla Board-2019]

why ard you late always try to attend the class regularly yes sir the student said to the teacher

 

Answer: "Why are you late? Always try to attend the class regularly."

"Yes sir," the student said to the teacher.

 

4. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text: [Jashore Board-2019]

zaman can you tell me what i am teaching the teacher asked im sorry sir i can't follow replied zaman you can't because you are not attentive the teacher said

 

Answer: "Zaman, can you tell me what I am teaching?" the teacher asked. "I'm sorry sir. I can't follow," replied Zaman. "You can't because you are not attentive," the teacher said.

 

5. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text: [Barishal Board-2019]

don't you have any relative here to stay with no sir so i need a transfer certificate to be admitted there

 

Answer: "Don't you have any relative here to stay with?" "No, sir. So, I need a transfer certificate to be admitted there."

 

6. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary: [Chattogram Board-2019]

do you know me yes i know you from my childhood whats your name my name is sumon thank you a lot said mr jamal

 

Answer: "Do you know me?"

"Yes, I know you from my childhood."

"What's your name?"

"My name is Sumon."

"Thank you a lot." said Mr. Jamal.

 

7. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text: [Dinajpur Board-2019]

stop you are eating all our bread shouted the two rats I M not doing My best but I have told you. that its difficult said the monkey give us that little Piece said the rats this is My Piece havent I laboured a lot for you replied the Monkey how foolish we are believing you said the two rats

 

Answer: "Stop! You are eating all our bread," shouted the two rats. "I'm doing my best, but I have told you that it's difficult," said the monkey. "Give us that little piece." said the rats. "This is my piece. Haven't I laboured a lot for you?" replied the Monkey.."How foolish we are believing you!" said the two rats.

SSC Punctuation and capitalization all board Question 2018


1. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text. [SSC Exam-2018]

whats your programme after the examination asked ratul nabil said i havent yet decided can you suggest any lets go on a picnic said ratul what an excellent idea


Answer: "What's your programme after the examination?" asked Ratul. Nabil said, "I haven't yet decided, Can you suggest any?" "Let's go on a picnic," said Ratul. "What an excellent idea!"


SSC Punctuation and capitalization all board Question 2017


1. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text: [Dhaka Board-2017]

in a certain school a student, once found a one hundred taka note in the play ground he took it to his teacher what shall i do with it asked the teacher


Answer: In a certain school a student once found a one hundred taka note in the play ground. He took it to his teacher. “What shall I do with it?" asked the teacher.


2. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text: [Rajshahi Board-2017]

the teacher said to me dont you like to practise english its an important subject and you should be more careful about it


Answer: The teacher said to me, "Don't you like to practise English? It's an important subject and you should be more careful about it."


3. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text.[Cumilla Board-2017]

how daring you are to wake me up the lion roared i shall kill you for that please let me go the mouse cried i did not mean to wake you up


Answer: "How daring you are to wake me up?" the lion roared. "I shall kill you for that." "Please, let me go", the mouse cried." I did not mean to wake you up."


4. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text. [Jashore Board-2017]

my sons listen to me said rahman an old farmer a great treasure lies hidden in the land there i am going to leave it for you the sons asked how shall we find it


Answer: "My sons, listen to me," said Rahman, an old farmer. "A great treasure lies hidden in the land there. I am going to leave it for you." The sons asked, "How shall we find it?"

5. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text. [Sylhet Board-2017]

why don't you attend classes regularly the teacher said to the boy you cannot expect good résult unless you attend classes be regular in class.


Answer: "Why don't you attend classes regularly?" the teacher said to the boy. "You can't expect good result unless you attend classes. Be regular in class."


6. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text: [Barisal Board-2017]

oh my lord please dont kill the child said the first woman to the king solomon let her have it king solomon said to them now everything is clear to me pointing the first woman he said to the servant give her the child she is the mother of the baby.


Answer: "Oh my lord! Please don't kill the child," said the first woman to the king Solomon. "Let her have it," King Solomon said to them. "Now everything is clear to me." Pointing the first woman he said to the servant, "Give her the child. She is the mother of the baby."


7. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text: [Chattogram Board-2017]

thomas alva edison a great scientist was born in 1847 in ohio america as a little boy he was very inquisitive he always wanted to know how things were done very early in life he showed that he was full of curiosity a quality which is so important to inventors.


Answer: Thomas Alva Edison, a great scientist was born in 1847 in Ohio, America. As a little boy he was very inquisitive. He always wanted to know how things were done. Very early in life he showed that he was full of curiosity, a quality which is so important to inventors.


8. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text: [Dinajpur Board-2017]

why are you putting up the food in your pocket why don't you eat asked the noble man i am doing the right thing replied sheikh saadi


Answer: "Why are you putting up the food in your pocket? Why don't you eat?" asked the noble man. "I am doing the right thing", replied Sheikh Saadi.


SSC Punctuation and capitalization all board Question 2016

 

1. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text: [Dhaka Board-2016]

the lion roared how dare you wake me up ill kill you the mouse cried please let me go i didn't mean to wake you up

 

Answer: The lion roared, "How dare you wake me up? I'll kill you." The mouse cried, " Please, let me go. I didn't mean to wake you up."

 

2. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text: [Rajshahi Board-2016; Sylhet Board-2019]

who are jolly those who have. sound health are jolly sound mind lies in sound body minds become jolly when our life is filled with pleasure.

 

Answer: Who are jolly? Those who have sound health are jolly. Sound mind lies in sound body. Minds become jolly when our life is filled with pleasure.

 

3. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the text below: [Cumilla Board-2016; Jashore Board-2020]

my dear mother your letter is just to hand it seems to me that you are anxious for me why you need not think about me

 

Answer: My dear mother, your letter is just to hand. It seems to me that you are anxious for me. Why? You need not think about me.

 

4. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text: [Jashore Board-2016]

give me a few grains of corns i am dying of hunger said the grasshopper but what did you do in the summer didn't you store any grain the ant remarked to i was too busy in singing.

 

Answer: "Give me a few grains of corns. I am dying of hunger," said the grasshopper. "But what did you do in the summer? Didn't you store any grain?" the ant remarked to. "I was too busy in singing."

 

5. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text: [Sylhet Board-2016]

are you ill he said coldly no i said then why are you sitting when all others are working go out at once and give them a hand

 

Answer: "Are you ill?" he said coldly. "No", I said. "Then why are you sitting when all others are working? Go out at once and give them a hand

6. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text: [Barishal Board-2016]

i was born in a village near tangail a small river flows beside the village the villagers bathe in the river and catch fish how happy they are what they want is peace

 

Answer: I was born in a village near Tangail. A small river flows beside the village. The villagers bathe in the river and catch fish. How happy they are! What they want is peace.

 

7. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text: [Chattogram Board-2016]

did people use stamps in those days asked rafiq yes answered mr jamal the first stamps were used in 1840 are they easy to get now asked rafiq they are very difficult to get his uncle replied

 

Answer: "Did people use stamps in those days?" asked Rafiq. "Yes," answered Mr. Jamal. "The first stamps were used in 1840." "Are they easy to get now?" asked Rafiq. "They are very difficult to get," his uncle replied.

 

8. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text: [Dinajpur Board-2016]

after supper when I began to set out lucy trembled in fear and said alfred dear are you quite sure that the letter really came from your chief I laughed told her not to be afraid and hurried out of the room and walked down the street.

 

Answer: After supper when I began to set out, Lucy trembled in fear and said, “Alfred dear, are you quite sure that the letter really came from your chief”?" I laughed, told her not to be afraid and hurried out of the room and walked down the street.


SSC Punctuation and capitalization all board Question 2015


1. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text.[Dhaka Board-2015]

the man said to me where are you going i am going to school said i did you go to school yesterday no i replied why didn't you go i was very busy said i

 

Answer: The man said to me, “Where are you going?” “I am going to school.” said I. "Did you go to school yesterday?" "No," I replied. "Why didn't you go?" "I was very busy." said I.

 

2. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text:[Rajshahi Board-2015]

the teacher said to the boy where are you going now i am going to school said the boy did you go to school yesterday no the boy replied why did you not go i was suffering from fever said the boy

 

Answer: The teacher said to the boy, “Where are you going now?” “I am going to school,” said the boy. “Did you go to school yesterday?” “No,” the boy replied. “Why did you not go?” “I was suffering from fever,” said the boy.

 

3. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text: [Cumilla Board-2015]

robert bruce the king of scotland was defeated at a war and failed to regain his country's freedom several times naturally he was in a very dejected mood sitting in his hide out he lost himself in deep thought.

 

Answer: Robert Bruce, the king of Scotland, was defeated at a war and failed to regain his country's freedom several times. Naturally he was in a very dejected mood. Sitting in his hide out, he lost himself in deep thought.

4. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text:[Jashore Board-2015]

the king said what harm did I do then that you should seek to take my life with your own hand you killed my father and my two brothers the young man replied.

 

Answer: The King said, “What harm did I do then that you should seek to take my life with your own hand?” “You killed my father and my two brothers,” the young man replied.

 

5. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text: [Sylhet Board-2015; Dhaka Board-2020]

why are you going to barisal said father i want to buy some important books said saad do you need money yes father don't go alone as time is not going well.

 

Answer: “Why are you going to Barisal?” said father. “I want to buy some important books,” said Saad. “Do you need money?” “Yes, father.” “Don't go alone as time is not going well.”

 

6. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text: [Barisal Board-2015]

once my mother said to me who came to you my friend Rafiq mom she asked what did he want i said his mother is ill he needs some money i have given him five hundred taka my mother said wonderful.

 

Answer: Once my mother said to me, “Who came to you?” “My friend, Rafiq, Mom.” She asked, “What did he want?” I said, “His mother is ill. He needs some money. I have given him five hundred taka.” My mother said, “Wonderful!”

 

7. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text: [Chattogram Board-2015]

bangladesh is a small country with a population of about sixteen crores she can hardly make headway so we should work hard to keep pace with the rest of the world

 

Answer: Bangladesh is a small country. With a population of about sixteen crores, she can hardly make headway. So, we should work hard to keep pace with the rest of the world.

 

8. Use capitals and punctuation marks where necessary in the following text:[Dinajpur Board-2015; Cumilla Board-2020]

is there anybody here who has ever crossed a river by a boat i have teacher i clearly remember what happened in that journey said Jamal.

 

Answer: “Is there any anybody here who has ever crossed a river by a boat?” “I have, teacher. I clearly remember what happened in that Journey,” said Jamal.

#Punctuation

 

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